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2025年高考数学北京-17

  2026-10-10 17:46:28  

(15分)如图,在四棱锥$P-ABCD$中,△$ADC$与△$BAC$均为等腰直角三角形,$\anglele ADC=90^\circ$,$\anglele BAC=90^\circ$,$E$为$BC$的中点.
(1)若$F$,$G$分别为$PD$,$PE$的中点,求证:$FG//$平面$PAB$;
(2)若$PA\bot$平面$ABCD$,$PA=AC$,求直线$AB$与平面$PCD$所成角的正弦值.

〖答案〗(1)证明见解析;(2)$\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$.
〖分析〗(1)取$PA$的中点$N$,$PB$的中点$M$,连接$FN$、$MN$,只需证明$FG//MN$即可;
(2)建立适当的空间直角坐标系,求出直线$AB$的方向向量与平面$PCD$的法向量,根据向量夹角公式即可求解.
〖解答〗解:(1)证明:取$PA$的中点$N$,$PB$的中点$M$,连接$FN$、$MN$,
$\because$△$ACD$与△$ABC$为等腰直角三角形,$\anglele ADC=90^\circ$,$\anglele BAC=90^\circ$,
不妨设$AD=CD=2$,$\therefore$$AC=AB=2\sqrt{2}$,
$\therefore BC=4$,
$\because E$、$F$分别为$BC$、$PD$的中点,
$\therefore$$FN=\dfrac{1}{2}AD=1,BE=2$,
$\therefore GM=1$,
$\because \anglele DAC=45^\circ$,$\anglele ACB=45^\circ$,
$\therefore AD//BC$,
$\therefore FN//GM$,
$\therefore$四边形$FGMN$为平行四边形,
$\therefore FG//MN$,
$\because FG\not\subsetset$平面$PAB$,$MN\subset$平面$PAB$,
$\therefore FG//$平面$PAB$;
(2)$\because PA\bot$平面$ABCD$,
$\therefore$以$A$为原点,$AC$、$AB$、$AP$所在直线分别为$x$、$y$、$z$轴建立如图所示的空间直角坐标系,
设$AD=CD=2$,则$A(0$,0,$0)$,$B(0$,$2\sqrt{2}$,$0)$,$C(2\sqrt{2},0,0),D(\sqrt{2},-\sqrt{2},0)$,$P(0,0,2\sqrt{2})$,
$\therefore$$\overrightarrow{AB}=(0,2\sqrt{2},0)$,$\overrightarrow{DC}=(\sqrt{2},\sqrt{2},0)$,$\overrightarrow{CP}=(-2\sqrt{2},0,2\sqrt{2})$,
设平面$PCD$的一个法向量为$\overrightarrow{n}=(x,y,z)$,
$\therefore$$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\overrightarrow{DC}\cdot \overrightarrow{n}=0}\\ {\overrightarrow{CP}\cdot \overrightarrow{n}=0}\end{array}\right.$,$\therefore$$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\sqrt{2}x+\sqrt{2}y=0\\ -2\sqrt{2}x+2\sqrt{2}z=0\end{array}\right.$,
取$x=1$,$\therefore y=-1$,$z=1$,
$\therefore$$\overrightarrow{n}=(1$,$-1$,$1)$,
设$AB$与平面$PCD$成的角为$\theta$,
则$\sin \theta =\vert \cos \langle \overrightarrow{AB},\overrightarrow{n}\rangle \vert =\dfrac{\vert \overrightarrow{AB}\cdot \overrightarrow{n}\vert }{\vert \overrightarrow{AB}\vert \cdot \vert \overrightarrow{n}\vert }=\dfrac{\vert 0\times 1+2\sqrt{2}\times (-1)+0\times 1\vert }{2\sqrt{2}\cdot \sqrt{{1}^{2}+{(-1)}^{2}+{1}^{2}}}=\dfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$,
即$AB$与平面$PCD$成角的正弦值为$\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$.

〖点评〗本题考查线面平行得判定,以及向量法的应用,属于中档题.

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