| 2025年高考数学北京-17 |
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2026-10-10 17:46:28 |
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(15分)如图,在四棱锥$P-ABCD$中,△$ADC$与△$BAC$均为等腰直角三角形,$\anglele ADC=90^\circ$,$\anglele BAC=90^\circ$,$E$为$BC$的中点. (1)若$F$,$G$分别为$PD$,$PE$的中点,求证:$FG//$平面$PAB$; (2)若$PA\bot$平面$ABCD$,$PA=AC$,求直线$AB$与平面$PCD$所成角的正弦值.
〖答案〗(1)证明见解析;(2)$\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$. 〖分析〗(1)取$PA$的中点$N$,$PB$的中点$M$,连接$FN$、$MN$,只需证明$FG//MN$即可; (2)建立适当的空间直角坐标系,求出直线$AB$的方向向量与平面$PCD$的法向量,根据向量夹角公式即可求解. 〖解答〗解:(1)证明:取$PA$的中点$N$,$PB$的中点$M$,连接$FN$、$MN$, $\because$△$ACD$与△$ABC$为等腰直角三角形,$\anglele ADC=90^\circ$,$\anglele BAC=90^\circ$, 不妨设$AD=CD=2$,$\therefore$$AC=AB=2\sqrt{2}$, $\therefore BC=4$, $\because E$、$F$分别为$BC$、$PD$的中点, $\therefore$$FN=\dfrac{1}{2}AD=1,BE=2$, $\therefore GM=1$, $\because \anglele DAC=45^\circ$,$\anglele ACB=45^\circ$, $\therefore AD//BC$, $\therefore FN//GM$, $\therefore$四边形$FGMN$为平行四边形, $\therefore FG//MN$, $\because FG\not\subsetset$平面$PAB$,$MN\subset$平面$PAB$, $\therefore FG//$平面$PAB$; (2)$\because PA\bot$平面$ABCD$, $\therefore$以$A$为原点,$AC$、$AB$、$AP$所在直线分别为$x$、$y$、$z$轴建立如图所示的空间直角坐标系, 设$AD=CD=2$,则$A(0$,0,$0)$,$B(0$,$2\sqrt{2}$,$0)$,$C(2\sqrt{2},0,0),D(\sqrt{2},-\sqrt{2},0)$,$P(0,0,2\sqrt{2})$, $\therefore$$\overrightarrow{AB}=(0,2\sqrt{2},0)$,$\overrightarrow{DC}=(\sqrt{2},\sqrt{2},0)$,$\overrightarrow{CP}=(-2\sqrt{2},0,2\sqrt{2})$, 设平面$PCD$的一个法向量为$\overrightarrow{n}=(x,y,z)$, $\therefore$$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\overrightarrow{DC}\cdot \overrightarrow{n}=0}\\ {\overrightarrow{CP}\cdot \overrightarrow{n}=0}\end{array}\right.$,$\therefore$$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\sqrt{2}x+\sqrt{2}y=0\\ -2\sqrt{2}x+2\sqrt{2}z=0\end{array}\right.$, 取$x=1$,$\therefore y=-1$,$z=1$, $\therefore$$\overrightarrow{n}=(1$,$-1$,$1)$, 设$AB$与平面$PCD$成的角为$\theta$, 则$\sin \theta =\vert \cos \langle \overrightarrow{AB},\overrightarrow{n}\rangle \vert =\dfrac{\vert \overrightarrow{AB}\cdot \overrightarrow{n}\vert }{\vert \overrightarrow{AB}\vert \cdot \vert \overrightarrow{n}\vert }=\dfrac{\vert 0\times 1+2\sqrt{2}\times (-1)+0\times 1\vert }{2\sqrt{2}\cdot \sqrt{{1}^{2}+{(-1)}^{2}+{1}^{2}}}=\dfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$, 即$AB$与平面$PCD$成角的正弦值为$\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$.
〖点评〗本题考查线面平行得判定,以及向量法的应用,属于中档题.
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