| 2025年高考数学新高考Ⅰ-17 |
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2026-10-10 17:46:28 |
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(15分)如图所示的四棱锥$P-ABCD$中,$PA\bot$平面$ABCD$,$BC//AD$,$AB\bot AD$. (1)证明:平面$PAB\bot$平面$PAD$; (2)若$PA=AB=\sqrt{2}$,$AD=\sqrt{3}+1$,$BC=2$,$P$,$B$,$C$,$D$在同一个球面上,设该球面的球心为$O$. $(i)$证明:$O$在平面$ABCD$上; $(ii)$求直线$AC$与直线$PO$所成角的余弦值.
〖答案〗(1)证明见解答;(2)$(i)$证明见解答;$(ii)\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{3}$. 〖分析〗(1)由$PA\bot$平面$ABCD$得$PA\bot AB$,结合题意,可得$AB\bot$平面$PAD$,再由面面垂直的判定定理证明即可; (2)$(i)$建立空间直角坐标系,设球心$O(x$,$y$,$z)$,半径$R$,利用空间中两点的距离公式建立方程组,解方程组可得$O$点坐标和$R$,进而可得结论; $(ii)$利用空间向量法求异面直线所成角的余弦值即可. 〖解答〗解:(1)证明:$\because PA\bot$平面$ABCD$,$AB\subset$平面$ABCD$, $\therefore PA\bot AB$, $\because AB\bot AD$,$AD\bigcap PA=A$,$AD$,$PA\subset$平面$PAD$, $\therefore AB\bot$平面$PAD$, $\because AB\subset$平面$PAB$, $\therefore$平面$PAB\bot$平面$PAD$. (2)$(i)$证明:由题意,$AB$,$AD$,$AP$两两垂直,分别以$AB$,$AD$,$AP$为$x$,$y$,$z$轴,建立空间直角坐标系$A-xyz$,
则$B(\sqrt{2},0,0)$,$C(\sqrt{2},2,0)$,$D(0,\sqrt{3}+1,0)$,$P(0,0,\sqrt{2})$, 设球心$O(x$,$y$,$z)$,半径$R$, 则$\left\{\begin{array}{l}OP=R\\ OB=R\\ OC=R\\ OD=R\end{array}\right.$,即$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+(z-\sqrt{2})^{2}}=R\\ \sqrt{(x-\sqrt{2})^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}=R\\ \sqrt{(x-\sqrt{2})^{2}+(y-2)^{2}+z^{2}}=R\\ \sqrt{x^{2}+(y-\sqrt{3}-1)^{2}+z^{2}}=R\end{array}\right.$,解得$\left\{\begin{array}{l}x=0\\ y=1\\ z=0\\ R=\sqrt{3}\end{array}\right.$, $\therefore O(0$,1,$0)$,$\therefore O\in$平面$ABCD$. $(ii)$由$(i)$得$\overrightarrow{AC}=(\sqrt{2},2,0)$,$\overrightarrow{PO}=(0,1,-\sqrt{2})$, 设直线$AC$与直线$PO$所成角为$\theta$, 则$\cos \theta =\vert \cos < \overrightarrow{AC},\overrightarrow{PO} > \vert =\dfrac{\vert \overrightarrow{AC}\cdot \overrightarrow{PO}\vert }{\vert \overrightarrow{AC}\vert \cdot \vert \overrightarrow{PO}\vert }=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{6}\times \sqrt{3}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{3}$. 〖点评〗本题考查平面与平面垂直的判定,考查异面直角所成的角的余弦值,考查空间几何体的外接球的确定,是中档题.
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